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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dadal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 568 ha in Dadal microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 11 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), about 69 per cent deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 17 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  About 81 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 15 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent of the area has non-gravelly and 7 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 69 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 11 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 22 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 49 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 47 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 35 per cent.  About 14 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Dadal microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 503 (89) Guava - - Maize - 16 (3) Pomegranate - 450 (79) Red gram - 450 (79) Jackfruit - - Bajra - 503 (89) Jamun - 390(69) Ground nut - 16 (3) Musambi - 450 (79) Sunflower - 450 (79) Lime - 450 (79) Cotton - 503 (89) Cashew - - Bengalgram - 503 (89) Custard apple 503 (89) Chilli - 503 (89) Amla - 503 (89) Tomato - 16 (3) Tamarind - 390(69) Drumstick - 450 (79) Marigold - 503 (89) Mulberry - - Chrysanthemum - 503 (89) Mango - - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Dadal micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16031' – 16033' North latitudes and 77016' – 77019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 567.79 ha, bounded by Balacheda, Daddala, Kadechoora, Rachanallii and Shettilli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Dadal micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.3 to 34.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 60.56 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 59.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 44.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 9.3 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 95.3 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 37.2 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 95 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.39 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 59.9 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 17.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.11109 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.207653 per household, about 25.58 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.23165 per household; about 79.17 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1131.2 grams (2651.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 47 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 57157 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.3546. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.16379/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs.27737) followed by paddy (Rs.21084), maize (Rs.16045), green gram (Rs. 13626), red gram (Rs. 11567) and groundnut (Rs. 10212).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1413/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2223) followed by groundnut (Rs.1029), and paddy (Rs.988).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.47632) followed by cotton (Rs.46455), green gram (Rs.42645), paddy (Rs. 42471), groundnut (Rs. 27916) and maize (Rs. 26410). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (41.6 %) followed by cotton (37.6 %), groundnut (9 %), paddy (4.7 %), green gram (4.1 %) and maize (2.7 %).  In Dadal micro watershed, major soils are Soil of Granite and Granite Gneiss Landscape of Hegganakera (HGN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 42.03 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (81.7 %) and redgram (18.3 %). Kudlura (KDR) and Sowrashtrahalli (SWR) are having deep soil depth cover around 14.02 % and 12.64 % of areas, respectively the 3 crops are cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram, and green gram. Rachanalli (RHN) soil is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 10.59 % of area; crops are cotton and red gram. Balched (BLD) and Yalleri (YLR) are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 6.48 % and 0.25 % of areas, respectively; crops are groundnut, red gram, cotton and maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.41969/ha in BLD soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs.19813/ha in SWR soil (with BCR of 3.62).  In green gram the cost of cultivation is Rs.14162/ha in SWR soil (with BCR of 1.96).  In groundnut the costs of cultivation range between Rs.28742/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.28009/ha in KDR soil (with BCR of 1.27).  In maize the cost of cultivation is Rs.35825/ha in BLD soil (with BCR of 1.48).  In paddy the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 31583/ha in SWR soil (with BCR of 1.61) and Rs. 28742 in KDR soil (with BCR of 1.70).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 30294/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.28) and Rs. 15964/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 2.01).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (19 to 66.3 %), maize (62 %), paddy (54.2 to 56 %), and red gram (27.3 to 47.6) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 482 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha (0.18%) by railway and 18 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 32 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm), 18 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 46 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 3 per cent sandy soils, 42 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils.  Almost area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 86 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 4 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 6 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 35 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4),22 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 4 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 14 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 77 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 96 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 248(49) 126(25) Guava - - Maize - 360(72) Sapota - - Bajra - 374(74) Pomegranate - 248(50) Groundnut - 13(3) Musambi 159(32) 89(18) Sunflower 159(32) 89(18) Lime 159(32) 89(18) Redgram - 248(50) Amla 159(32) 215(43) Bengal gram 248(50) 126(25) Cashew - - Cotton 159(32) 215(43) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 374(75) Jamun - 159(32) Tomato - 119(24) Custard apple 248(49) 126(25) Drumstick - 248(50) Tamarind - 159(32) Brinjal 88(18) 286(57) Mulberry - - Bhendi 88(18) 286(57) Marigold - 374(74) Onion 88(18) 231(46) Chrysanthemum - 374(74) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 4 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 1.89" and 160 31' 0.128" and East longitude 770 16' 10.075'' and 770 14' 49.22" covering an area of about 500.78 ha coming unde Munagala, Sangavara and Kondapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-3 micro watersheds of Mungal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 7 (20.59 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (62.31%) men and 49 (37.69 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.7, marginal farmers 4, small farmers were 3.1, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 7.  Majority of the respondents (32.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 48.46 per cent illiterates, 0.77 percent were functional literates, 53.08 per cent pre university education and 2.31 per cent attained graduation.  About, 67.65 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.18 per cent possess TV, 23.53 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.24 per cent possess mobile phones and 26.47 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.76 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.76 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.37, hired labour (men) available was 8.58 and hired labour (women) available was 10.65.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.73 per cent (39.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.25 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.49 per cent.  Out of the sample households 32.35 percent possessed bank account and 2.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 32.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households and 27.27 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.31255.33 , 37268.89, 36375.24, 22806.82 and 44325.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.40 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 38.24 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 79470.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47705.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 20 horticulture trees and 45 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3338.24 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.76 per cent depends on own funds and 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 70.59 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.53 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 11.76 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 73.53 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 76.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.29%), pulses (88.24%) and oilseeds (32.35%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.41%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (47.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%) and Less rainfall (11.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagaraladoddi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 295 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of 295 ha (100%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 56 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 34 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy (loamy sand) soils and 95 per cent clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 59 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 40 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 70 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is medium in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in 292 ha (99%) area and deficient (<0.2 ppm) in 2 ha (1%) area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 194(66) 87(29) Sapota - - Maize - 252(85) Guava - - Redgram - 194(66) Pomegranate - 194(66) Bajra 29(10) 252(85) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 87(29) Jamun - 165(56) Sunflower 72(24) 122(42) Musambi 72(24) 122(42) Cotton 165(56) 116(39) Lime 72(24) 122(42) Bengal gram 194(66) 87(29) Cashew - - Chilli - 281(95) Custard apple 72(24) 209(71) Tomato - 159(53) Amla - 281(95) Drumstick - 194(66) Tamarind - 165(56) Mulberry - - Marigold - 281(95) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 281(95)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. NGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nagaraladoddi-2 is located at North latitude 160 33' 23.838" and 160 31' 6.086" and East longitude 770 25' 9.296'' and 770 24' 10.745" covering an area of about 294.61 ha coming under Duppalli village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nagaraladoddi-2 micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagaraladoddi-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (53.69%) men and 69 (46.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.3, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (46.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.31 per cent illiterates, 43.63 per cent pre university education and 4.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.82 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.19, hired labour (men) available was 9.84 and hired labour (women) available was 14.9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.73 per cent (57.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 11.44 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 74.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 74.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 188.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 16.67 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.40477.88, 46971.35, 32690.13, 49477.76 and 66158.16 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.95, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.10 and 1:0.65 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 98685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 70914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9171.43 for land development and Rs. 457.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 45.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 51.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (91.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (34.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (60.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kondapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 352 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 331 ha (94%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 20 ha (6%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 45 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 13 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 36 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm).  About 23 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 71 per cent clayey soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 10 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 10 per cent are slightly eroded (e1), 68 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 16 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 13 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 69 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in relation.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 86 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 45 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 49 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 10 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 331(94) - Guava - - Maize - 331(94) Sapota - - Bajra - 331(94) Pomegranate - 331(94) Groundnut - - Musambi 205(58) 126(36) Sunflower 205(58) 126(36) Lime 205(58) 126(36) Redgram - 331(94) Amla 205(58) 126(36) Bengal gram 331(94) - Cashew - - Cotton 205(58) 126(36) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 331(94) Jamun - 205(58) Tomato - - Custard apple 331(94) - Drumstick - 331(94) Tamarind - 205(58) Brinjal - 331(94) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 331(94) Marigold - 331(94) Onion - 47(13) Chrysanthemum - 331(94) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kondapur is located at North latitude 160 31' 17.129" and 160 29' 33.557" and East longitude 770 16' 46.336" and 770 15' 15.084" covering an area of about 351.42 ha coming under Kondapura and Badiyala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kondapur micro watersheds of Mungal subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 5 (14.29 %) were marginal, 12 (34.29%)were small, 11 (31.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium and 2 (5.71 %) were large farmers and 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (54.05%) men and 68 (45.95 %) were women. The average population of landless was 1.0, marginal farmers were 0.20, small farmers were 0.20, semi medium farmers were 0.21, medium farmers were 1.0 and large farmer were 0.25.  Majority of the respondents (43.24%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.03 per cent illiterates, 50.68 per cent pre university education and 3.38 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 62.86 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 80.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, women available in the micro watershed was 1.77, hired labour (men) available was 11.94 and hired labour (women) available was 16.97.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (88.39 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 73.42 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram and Sorghum was Rs.25254.34, 41845.18, 27374.25 and 29450.24 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.00, 1: 0.60 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 149302.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 96445.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 151 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  piped supply of water was the major source for drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households followed by bore well water (94.29%).  Electricity was the major source of light for 105.71 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (108.57%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (42.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Heganagera-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 564 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 ha by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is arable lands and is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm).  About 94 per cent of the microwatershed has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 10 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m).  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 94 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 4 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 56 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction, 40 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4 - 9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is 0.75).  About 73 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 21 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 76 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 39 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 19 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 82 per cent area and deficient in 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 524(91) 40(7) Sapota - - Maize - 564(98) Pomegranate - 564(98) Bajra - 564(98) Musambi 504(88) 59(10) Groundnut - - Lime 504(88) 59(10) Sunflower 504(88) 60(10) Amla 504(88) 59(10) Redgram - 564(98) Cashew - - Bengal gram 524(91) 40(7) Jackfruit - - Cotton 504(88) 60(10) Jamun - 504(88) Chilli - 564(96) Custard apple 563(98) - Tomato - 230(40) Tamarind - 504(88) Drumstick - 564(98) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 564(98) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 564(98)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 98 (58.68%) men and 69 (41.32%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 2.5, marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 5.8, medium farmers' was 5.6 and for large farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that there were 34 (20.36%) people in 0-15 years of age, 75 (44.91%) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (23.35 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (11.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Heganagera-2 had 45.51 per cent illiterates, 25.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.19 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.38 per cent of them had high school education, 5.39 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent had diploma education, 4.19 per cent of them had degree education and 1.20 per cent of them had ITI education.  The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.96 per cent of the household members, agricultural labour was the major occupation for 50.90 per cent of the household members, 2.40 per cent of the households were in private service, 22.16 per cent were students, 4.19 per cent were housewives and 2.40 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population did not participate in any local organization.  The results indicate that 76.47 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 23.53 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 23.53 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 17.65 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 88.24 per cent of the households mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,774, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs.2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,430.  About 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 44.12 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 11.76 per cent of them possess sprayer, and 8.82 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 3,625, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 5,250, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,133, and the average value of weeder was Rs.91. 2  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households possess bullock and 73.53 per cent of the households did not possess livestock. Those who possessed bullock included 33.33 per cent of marginal farmers, 27.27 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 40 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.82, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 14.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.12.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Heganagera-2 micro watershed possess 115.07 ha (89.75%) of dry land and 13.14 ha (10.25%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.15 ha (100%) of dry land. Small possess 16.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.32 ha (89.54%) of dry land and 1.32 ha (10.46%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 22.26 ha (88.44%) of dry land and 2.91 ha (11.56%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 60.30 ha (87.13%) of dry land and 8.90 ha (12.87%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 88,608.31 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 121,749.85. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 427,201.26 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,608.12 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,382.42 for dry land and Rs. 377,675.84 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 85,327.27 for dry land and Rs. 206,119.61 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average value of dry land was Rs. 4,973.15 and irrigated land was Rs. 56,136.36.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.82 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that, the average depth of water for bore wells was 6.72 meters in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, semi medium farmers had 1.32 hectares, medium farmers had 5 hectares of irrigated land and large farmers had 0.81 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown redgram (28.66 ha), cotton (26.49 ha), sorghum (7 ha), groundnut (5.67 ha), and paddy (1.32 ha). Marginal and small farmers had grown redgram, cotton and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown redgram, cotton, groundnut and paddy. Medium farmers had grown 3 redgram, cotton and groundnut. Large farmers had grown red gram and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Heganagera-2 micro watershed was found to be 89.42 per cent.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed possess bank account and savings. This included 25 per cent of landless, 83.33 per cent of marginal, 90.91 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, medium and large farmers.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of landless, 83.33 per cent of the marginal, 90.91 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, medium and large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 45000.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86253.97. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 41253.24, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33321.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58965.48. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 25643.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.77.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31792.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61693.81. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 29901.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 43847.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104993.88. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 61146.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.39.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33237.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46163.53. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 12925.76, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The results indicate that, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 2.94 per cent opined that the green fodder was adequate. The data also revealed that around 14.71 per cent of the households opined that the dry fodder was inadequate.  The table indicated that average annual gross income in case of landless farmers was Rs. 40,000, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 61,666.67, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 150,909.09, in case of semi medium farmers it was Rs. 190,000, in case of medium farmers it was Rs. 268,000 and in case of large farmers it was Rs.352,500.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers the average annual expenditure was Rs. 2,312.50, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,277.78, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 8,776.86, in case of semi medium farmers it was 4 Rs. 9,716.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 18,800 and for large farmers it was Rs. 65,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 lime and 1 mango tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 pongamia, 4 tamarind, 24 teak and 69 neem trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 5,000 for marginal farmers, Rs. 8,181.82 for small farmers, Rs. 9,166.67 for semi medium farmers, Rs. 10,000 for medium farmers and Rs. 7,500 for large farmers.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 82.35 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, groundnut was sold to the extent of 90.90 per cent, paddy to the extent of 50 per cent, redgram to the extent of 90.91 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 56.52 per cent. Cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants and 79.41 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 8.82 per cent of the households have used cart as mode of transport and 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 83.33 per cent of the marginal farmers, 63.64 per cent of the small farmers, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium farmers, 60 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 90.91 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, fire wood was the source of fuel for 91.18 per cent of the households and LPG was the source of fuel for 8.82 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.35 per cent and bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 27.27 per cent of small, 16.67 per cent of semi medium, 40 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households in the micro watershed participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 26.47 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 47.06 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 29.41 per cent, fruits were adequate for 61.76 per cent, milk was adequate for 29.41 per cent and egg were adequate for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for pulses were inadequate for 73.53 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 47.06 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 64.71 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 38.24 per cent, milk was inadequate for 35.29 per cent, and egg were inadequate for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (35.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (26.47%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (14.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%), inadequate extension services (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%), less rainfall (47.06%) and source of agri-technology information (14.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; Not Available ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Godadahadagi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 464 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 401 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 63 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and four land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 58 per cent soils in the microwatershed are very deep (>150 cm), 17 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 11 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0) in soil reaction, 2 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 9 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 64 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and about 11 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils in the microwatershed are non saline (0.75).  About 16 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 29 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 42 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 12 per cent area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 75 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 56 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in only 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area and deficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 49 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 270(58) 131(28) Sapota - - Maize - 401(86) Guava - - Redgram - 350(75) Pomegranate - 350(75) Bajra - 401(86) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 51(11) Jamun - 270(58) Sunflower 122(26) 223(49) Musambi 148(32) 202(44) Cotton 270(58) 131(28) Lime 148(32) 202(44) Bengal gram 270(58) 131(28) Cashew - - Chilli - 401(86) Custard apple 350(75) 51(11) Tomato - 190(41) Amla 131(28) 270(58) Drumstick - 350(75) Tamarind - 270(58) Mulberry - - Marigold - 401(86) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 401(86)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The data indicated that there were 91 (65.47 %) men and 48 (34.53 %) were women in the micro watershed.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.7, small farmers' was 3.6, semi medium farmers' was 4 and in medium farmers' it was 4.3.  The data indicated that 25 (17.99 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (41.01 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (35.97 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (5.04 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Godadahadagi-1 had 56.83 per cent illiterates, 16.55 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.88 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.39 per cent of them had high school education, 4.32 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent them had Diploma education, 2.88 per cent of them had degree education and 0.72 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were housewives.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.12 per cent of the household members, 2.16 per cent were agricultural labours, 7.19 per cent were general labours, 0.72 percent were in government service, 22.30 per cent of them were students and 10.79 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 55.56 per cent were general labour, 27.78 per cent were students and 16.67 per cent were housewives.  The results showed no participation of households in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 31.43 per cent of the households possess pucca house and 14.29 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 8.57 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.45100, car/four wheeler Rs.426666 and mobile phone was Rs.3326.  About 22.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.43 per cent of them possess tractor and 5.71 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The average value of plough was Rs.2962, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 66 and the average value of tractor was Rs.700000. 2  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and 2.86 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  Landless and marginal farmers did not possess any livestock, small farmers possessed bullock, local cow, crossbred cow and poultry birds, semi medium farmers possessed bullock, local cow and sheep, medium farmers possessed bullock and local cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro-watershed was 1.70, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 17.80 and average hired labour (women) available was 17.23.  About 82.86 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 42.86 savings respectively.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of landless, 33.33 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 15.38 per cent semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, households of the Godadahadagi-1 micro-watershed possess 35.56 ha (59.60%) of dry land and 24.10 ha (40.40%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.31 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.04 ha (94.30%) of dry land and 0.61 ha (5.70%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 23.21 ha (77.37%) of dry land and 6.79 ha (22.63%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 16.71 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 314828.72 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 284074.88. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736666.66 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 457775.98 for dry land Rs. 1317333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 211037.49 for dry land and Rs. 324031 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230310 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, canal was the major irrigation source for 17.14 per cent of the farmers in the micro watershed.  In case of semi medium farmers there were 5.13 ha of irrigated land and in case of medium farmers there was 5.67 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (17.73 ha), paddy (20.19 ha), redgram (8.1 ha), sorghum (8.96 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and redgram. 3  Small farmers have grown cotton, paddy and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy, redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy. The cropping intensity in Godadahadagi-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent in marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 32112.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52291.19. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 20178.90, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.63.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38250.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 143796.34. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 105545.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.76.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25741.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33826.84. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8085.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 32067.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56986.43. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 24919.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 12.50 per cent of small farmers, 23.08 per cent of semi medium farmers and 16.67 per cent of medium farmers. Around 22.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that the average income from business Rs. 14285.71, wage Rs. 45428.57, agriculture Rs. 100342.86 and dairy farm Rs. 1714.29.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14601.02. For landless farmers it was Rs.4800, marginal farmers it was Rs 8666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 9535.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23.378.21 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13472.22.  The results indicate that, households have planted 68 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 9 banyan trees and 1 acacia tree in their field. Households have also planted 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity for land development was Rs.3333 for marginal farmers, Rs.5000 for small farmers, Rs.1538.46 for semi medium farmers and Rs. 5000 for medium farmers. Around 27.78 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from bank for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Paddy was sold to the extent of 94.74 per cent and sorghum 85 per cent. 4  Around 8.57 per cent of the households sold their produce to agent/traders, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  Around 75.51 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 28.57 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 12.5 per cent small farmers and 16.67 per cent of medium farmers faced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  Around 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  Around 20 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 12.50 per cent of small, and 46.15 per cent of semi medium farmers. Summer ploughing was adopted by 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 91.43 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, and 8.57 percent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 94.12 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, semi medium and medium farmers respectively.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the population.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 33.33 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 23.08 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium famers had sanitary toilet facility.  Around 8.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  About 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 80 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, 62.50 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 82.86 per cent of the households. Pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent of the households; oilseeds were adequate for 65.71 per cent and fruits for 51.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.57%), inadequate extension services (28.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%) and less rainfall (37.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dupalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 543 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 522 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 21 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 40 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 83 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Major area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed are moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 7 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 13 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 37 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 39 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the major area of the microwatershed is 16 dsm-1).  About 31 per cent of soils are low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 56 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 95 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed expect a small area of 2 ha where it is deficient.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 306(56) 187(34) Sapota - - Maize - 438(80) Guava - - Redgram - 307(56) Pomegranate - 307(56) Bajra 56(10) 436(80) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 186(34) Jamun - 251(46) Sunflower 97(18) 210(38) Musambi 97(18) 210(38) Cotton 251(46) 243(44) Lime 97(18) 210(38) Bengal gram 306(56) 187(34) Cashew - - Chilli - 494(90) Custard apple 97(18) 396(72) Tomato - 284(52) Amla - 493(90) Drumstick - 307(56) Tamarind - 251(46) Mulberry - - Marigold - 494(90) Mango - 23(4) Chrysanthemum - 494(90)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Dupalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 54.875" and 160 31' 5.924" and East longitude 770 24' 53.326'' and 770 23' 20.867" covering an area of about 542.57 ha coming unde Duppalli and Chandapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Dupalli-3 micro watersheds of Ajalapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Dupalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 12 (35.29%) were small, 2 (5.88 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (61.22%) men and 57 (38.78 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (31.29%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.85 per cent illiterates, 74.83 per cent pre university education and 4.76 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 52.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 55.88 per cent possess TV, 5.88 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.12 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.59 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 5.88 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 5.44 and hired labour (women) available was 10.44.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 74.11 per cent (38.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 25.89 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.06 percent possessed bank account and 58.82 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 77.78 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 11.11 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton was Rs.28283.08, 22267.07, 22308.83, 52918.06 and 36889.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.10, 1: 2.50, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.70 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 122700.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62847.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1794.12 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.82 per cent depends on own funds and 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 70.59 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 67.65 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.29 per cent of the households and 14.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.18 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 52.94 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.88 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (73.53%), pulses (58.82%) and oilseeds (47.06%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (55.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.53%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), inadequate extension services (5.88%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 463 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 381 ha (82%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 82 ha (18%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 28 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 47 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 8 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 58 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 79 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 19 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 34 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 35 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 80 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is deficient (0.2 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 156(34) Sapota - - Maize - 190(41) Pomegranate - 162(35) Bajra - 190(41) Musambi 3(1) 158(35) Groundnut - 28(6) Lime 3(1) 158(35) Sunflower 16(3) 145(32) Amla - 190(41) Redgram - 162(35) Cashew - - Bengal gram 34(7) 156(34) Jackfruit - - Cotton 34(7) 156(34) Jamun - 34(7) Chilli - 190(41) Custard apple 145(31) 45(10) Tomato - 31(7) Tamarind - 34(7) Drumstick - 162(35) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 190(41) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 190(41)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-4 is located at North latitude 160 32' 33.352" and 160 33' 7.175" and East longitude 770 23' 44.758'' and 770 21' 56.32" covering an area of about 462.70 ha coming under Badepalli, Ajalapura and Duppalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 5 (14.29%) were marginal, 15(42.86%) were small and 7 (20%) were semi medium, 4 (11.43%) were medium, 1(2.86%) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (56.40%) men and 74 (43.02%) were women. Majority of the respondents (40.70%) were in the age group of 35-60 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 47.09 per cent illiterates, 0.58 per cent were functional literates and only 2.91 per cent attained graduation.  About, 40 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 37.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.58 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 60 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough and only 8.57 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.83, hired labour (men) available was 15.8 and hired labour (women) available was 13.94.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.91 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 570 kms for about 6 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (53.57 ha), 66.47 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 33.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy. Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.03 per cent. 2  The sample households possessed 91.43 per cent bank account and 40 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 114.29 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 42.86 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.22021.52, 29835.91, 33094.02 and 466526.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.10 and 1: 0.60 respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87831.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63088.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops coconut (6) and Mango (20) trees in the fields and forest species have grown 10 teak, 52 neem, 18 tamarind and 6 acacia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10571.43 for land development, Rs.3600 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs.114.29 for adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of finance raised from bank as a loan for land development and improved crop production.  Own funds were the source for land development and improved crop production for 22.86 per cent and improved livestock management for 5.71 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.43 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Cereals (97.14 %), pulses (97.14 %), oilseeds (45.71 %) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (94.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.43%), inadequate extension services (60%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (94.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Wankasambar-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 583ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 577 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 40 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 91 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 10 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 26 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 20 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 23 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 17 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About34 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 24 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97(17) 432(75) Sapota - 114(20) Maize 97(17) 55(9) Pomegranate - 491(85) Bajra 97(17) 461(79) Musambi - 491(85) Groundnut - 169(29) Lime - 491(85) Sunflower - 474(82) Amla 97(17) 432(74) Redgram - 491(84) Cashew - 65(11) Bengal gram 38 (7) 491(84) Jackfruit - 97(17) Cotton 6(1) 523(90) Jamun - 187(32) Chilli - 546(94) Custard apple 97(17) 432(74) Tomato 97(17) 72(12) Tamarind - 187(32) Drumstick - 491(85) Mulberry - 97(17) Mango - - Marigold - 546(94) Guava - 114(20) Chrysanthemum - 546(94)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Wankasambar-3 is located at North latitude 160 39' 16.015" and 160 37' 27.275" and East longitude 770 22' 37.304" and 770 20' 41.304" covering an area of about 583.14 ha coming under Vankasambara, Sambara and Madhwara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Wankasambar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 farmers were sampled in Wankasambar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.50%) were marginal, 15 (37.50%) were small, 8 (20.00 %) were semi medium, 5 (12.50 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (54.09%) men and 101 (45.91 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (53.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.00 per cent illiterates, 71.37 per cent pre university education and 7.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 52.50 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 47.50 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.50 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.50 per cent possess TV, 75.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 90.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.50 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.00 per cent possess tractor, 15.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.78, hired labour (men) available was 4.97 and hired labour (women) available was 11.33.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 10.45 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1705.00 kms for about 4.30 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.32 per cent (69.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 10.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.00 percent possessed bank account and 17.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 157.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 128.57 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.64881.38, 20711.75, 0.00, 71012.87 and 125743.60 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.60, 1: 1.70, 1: 0.00, 1: 0.80 and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 30.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 10.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81625.03 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53400.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1050 horticulture trees and 1022 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10225.00 for land development and Rs. 150.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 52.50 per cent depends on own funds and 35.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 3  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 35.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.50%), pulses (75.00%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (52.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.00%), high rate of interest on credit (45.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.50%), inadequate extension services (52.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.50%), Less rainfall (2.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Badal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 587 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 572 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha by others (water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 21 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about one per cent area is very low (9.0)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 54 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 36 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 11per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 87 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 24 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent area and deficient in 74 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 332(57) 231(39) Sapota - - Maize - 564(96) Pomegranate - 564(96) Bajra - 563(96) Musambi 386(66) 178(30) Groundnut - 563(96) Lime 386(66) 178(30) Sunflower 278(47) 285(49) Amla 332(57) 231(39) Redgram - 564(96) Cashew - - Bengal gram 440 (75) 124(21) Jackfruit - - Cotton 440(75) 124(21) Jamun - 440(75) Chilli - 456(78) Custard apple 564(96) - Tomato - - Tamarind - 440(75) Drumstick - 564(96) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 564(96) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 564(96)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Badal is located at North latitude 160 31' 39.345" and 160 29' 32.556" and East longitude 770 15' 51.422" and 770 14' 3.803" covering an area of about 587.10 ha coming under Kondapura, Badiyala and Sangavara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Badal micro watersheds of Mungal sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 33 total respondents, 11 (33.33 %) were marginal, 13 (39.39%)were small and 5 (15.15 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 68 (55.74%) men and 54 (44.26 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.72 per cent illiterates, 50.01 per cent pre university education and 4.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.79 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 9.09 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.66 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 90.91 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 84.85 per cent possess TV, 42.42 per cent possess mixer grinder, 66.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 9.09 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 42.42 per cent of the households possess plough, 6.06 per cent possess tractor, 33.33 per cent possess bullock cart and 9.09 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 6.06 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 14.79 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.72.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (38.39 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.22 per cent.  Out of the sample households 6.06 percent possessed bank account.  About 6.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Redgram and Sorghum of Rs.50497.60, 40293.72 and 54888.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 1.30 and 1: 1.30 respectively. 2  Further, 81.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 9.09 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 109253.03 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 61828.79 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 51 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 87.88 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 87.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (87.88%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.85 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 93.94 per cent of the households and 3.03 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 12.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (81.82%) and oilseeds (24.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.91%) wild animal menace on farm field (87.88%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.79%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.12%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.82%), high rate of interest on credit (45.45%), low price for the agricultural commodities (66.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.58%), inadequate extension services (3.03%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (39.39%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 645 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 610 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by railway, 7 ha by rock outcrops and about 23 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 70 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 35 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 56 per cent clayey soils and 4 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 90 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 71 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded, 23 per cent severely eroded (e3) and about one per cent slightly eroded.  An area of about 2 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8-8.4), 38 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 23 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 69 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 26 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 78 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 17 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 79 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 75 (61.98%) men and 46 (38.02 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, small farmers were 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, medium farmers were 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22.  There were 21(17.36%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 53 (43.8%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 40 (33.06 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (5.79 %) were above 61 years of age.  The Shethalli-2 had 32.23 per cent illiterates, 14.05 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.79 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.49 per cent of them had high school education, 11.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.96 per cent of them had diploma, 0.83 per cent of them had ITI, 5.79 per cent of them had degree education and 3.31 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 90 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were general labourers and 3.33 percent of the households were housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 53.72 per cent of the household members, 0.83 per cent were general labourers, 4.13 per cent were private service, 23.14 per cent of them were in student ,14.88 per cent of them were housewife and 3.31 per cent of them were children . In case of landless households 33.33 per cent were general labourers. In case of marginal farmers 41.18 per cent were agriculturist, 29.41 per cent were student, and 11.76 per cent in housewife and 17.65 per cent were children. In case of small farmers, 57.14 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 1.79 per cent of them were private sector. In case of semi medium farmers 46.67 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 10 per cent of them were private service. In case of medium farmers, 77.78 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 11.11 per cent were private sector. In case of large farmers, 83.33 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent were housewife.  The results indicate that 26.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 70.0 per cent of them possess pucca house and 3.33 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 3.33 per cent of the households possess radio, Cent per cent of the households possess TV, 23.33per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 30 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.67 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.67 per cent of the households possess car/ four wheeler and Cent per cent of the households mobile phones. the average value of radio 2 was Rs.2000, television was Rs.9700, mixer grinder was Rs.2142, motor cycle was Rs.56400 and mobile phone was Rs.3588, Auto was 110000 and car/ four wheeler was 550000.  About 50 per cent of the households possess plough, 10 per cent of them possess tractor,46.67 per cent of them posses bullocks cart, 6.67 per cent of them power tiller , 13.33 per cent of them possess weeder, 3.33 per cent of them possess harvester and 6.67 per cent of the households possess sprayer. the average value of plough was Rs.4, 692, the average value of tractor was Rs. 750000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.6000, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18,181, the average value of power tiller Rs.35000and the average value of harvester 10,000 and the average value of weeder Rs.1,160.  The results indicate that, 36.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30 per cent of the households possess local cow.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.29, average own labour (women) available was 1.1, average hired labour (men) available was 8.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 21.35.  The results indicate that, 53.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 46.67 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 4 (3.31%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 1.79 persons from small medium farmers' and 10 per cent of semi medium farmer category.  People have migrated on average of 632.5 Kms and average duration was months 13. Small farmers have migrated 600 Kms and on an average 12 months in a year. Semi medium farmers have migrated 665 Kms and on an average 14 months in a year.  Job/ work were the reason for migration for all the migrants.  Improved quality of the life was the major Positive consequences of migration for 50 per cent of the better children education persons migrated from small framers households.  Households of the Shethalli-2 micro watershed possess 52.52 ha (96.13%) of dry land and 2.11 ha (3.87%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 267994.14 and average value of irrigated was Rs.1, 89,272.  Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.43 hectares, and medium farmers had 6.88 hectares of irrigated land.  Farmers have grown cotton (15.71 ha), jowar (2.83 ha), paddy (0.8ha), red gram (8.94ha), sorghum (5.32 ha), cotton (1.21ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram (0.81 ha) and sorghum (5.32ha), Small farmers have grown cotton (4.21ha), jowar (2.83ha), red gram (6.11 ha), Semi medium farmers have grown cotton (4.49 3 ha), red gram (1.62ha). Medium farmers have grown cotton (7 ha), red gram (0.4ha), sorghum (5.32ha).  The cropping intensity in Shethalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 59.67 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 196.57 per cent, for small farmers it was 68.98 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 42.55 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 48.54 per cent and large farmers had 10.88 per cent.  The results indicate that, 96.67 per cent of the households possess bank account and 80 per cent of them have savings. With respect to category wise account, 100 per cent of land less, 100 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, medium and large farmers and 83.33 per cent of semi medium, possesses bank account. With respect to savings, 80 per cent of marginal, 85.71per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had savings in the bank account.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of marginal, 42.86 per cent of small, 50 per cent semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 78.57 per cent have availed loan in commercial banks, 7.14 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 100 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives, 42.86 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank, 7.14 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 28.57 per cent have availed loan from Traders.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers have availed Rs.12500, Rs.20333.33, Rs. 115000 and Rs.25000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 43.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture, 6.25 per cent of them have borrowed loan for education and 50 per cent of them have borrowed loan for health. 66.67 per cent of marginal farmers, 50 per cent of small farmers, 25 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers availed loan for Agriculture production. About 50 per cent of small and landless have availed loan for animal husbandry.  Results indicated that 90.91 per cent of the households have repaid private source of credit partially.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48441.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57998.02. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 9556.34, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 46729.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 21195.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 41504.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 100035.00. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 58530.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.41.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 18417.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72741.10. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 54323.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.95  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33786.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44228.44. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10441.65, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 57080.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80440.62. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 23360.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 43896.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59691.67. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. 15794.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 80 per cent of marginal, 28.57 per cent of small, 83.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers. The data revealed that only 6.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate which includes 20 per cent of marginal and 16.67 per cent of semi medium farmers.  sampled households have grown 2 custard apple among them marginal farmers have grown 2 and 3 mango among them small farmers and semi medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have planted 5 teak, 76 Neem trees, 4 tamarind. Marginal farmers have planted 5 Neem, 1 tamarind; Small farmers have planted 23 neem and 1tamarinds. Semi medium farmers have planted 24 Neem, 2 tamarind and 5 teak trees. Medium farmers have planted 15 neem trees and large farmers 4.  Cotton, jowar, paddy, red gram, and sorghum were sold to the extent of production.  The results indicated that, About 73.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 85.71per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 33.33 per cent medium farmers. About 23.33 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets includes 14.29 per cent of small farmers, 33.33per cent of semi medium farmers, 66.67per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. 5  The results indicated that 6.67 per cent of the households have use cart as mode of transport, 86.67 per cent have used tractor, and 3.33 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, the results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 20 per cent of marginal farmers, 21.43 per cent of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 96.67 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent large farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 46.67 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 89.90 per cent of the households. About 3.33 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond. Contour bunding was adopted by 3.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 11 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 21.43 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 93.33 per cent includes 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 92.9 per cent of small farmers, 83.33 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers.  Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that,33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 35.7 per cent of small, 17 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, Cent per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 96.7 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (93.3%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.3%), inadequacy of irrigation water (46.7%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (90%), high rate of interest on credit (80%), low price for the agricultural commodities (90 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (96.7%), inadequate extension services (46.7%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (83.3%). Less rainfall (90%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sambar-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 663 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 640 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 95 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 3 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 30 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 36 per cent clayey soils and 31 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area are nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 94 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded, 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 24 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorous.  About 3 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 95 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (150 cm) and 3 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 30 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 36 per cent clayey soils and 31 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area are nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 94 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded, 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 24 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorous.  About 3 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 95 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (150 cm) and 3 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 30 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 36 per cent clayey soils and 31 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area are nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 94 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded, 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 24 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorous.  About 3 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 95 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0 and <2.  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers in watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (19 to 66.3 %), maize (62 %), paddy (54.2 to 56 %), and red gram (27.3 to 47.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Saidapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 564 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 517 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 8 ha by rock outcrops and about 38 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 76 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 32 per cent loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 91 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 8 per cent area is very low (0.75).  About 31 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 45 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 16 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 2 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 86 per cent area and sufficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 472(84) Sapota - - Maize - 32(6) Pomegranate - 429(76) Bajra - 461(82) Musambi - 429(76) Groundnut - 31(5) Lime - 429(76) Sunflower - 429(76) Amla - 472(84) Redgram - 429(76) Cashew - - Bengal gram 12(2) 460(82) Jackfruit - - Cotton 12(2) 460(82) Jamun - 203(36) Chilli - 461(82) Custard apple - 472(84) Tomato - 32(6) Tamarind - 203(36) Drumstick - 429(76) Mulberry - - Mango - 12(2) Marigold - 472(84) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 472(84)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Saidapur micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16034' North latitudes and 770 15' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 563.89 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Kudlura, Ramapura and Sydhapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Saidapur micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.06 to 42.94 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 57.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 51.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 48.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 22.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 16.1 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 83.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 19.4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 77 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.91ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 56.7 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 0.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.82233per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.179881 per household, about 29.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.25152 per household; about 22.58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1020.22 grams (2216.39 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 23 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41470 per household. About 90.3 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2706. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.9890/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in ground nut (Rs.20268) followed by cotton (Rs.11313), green gram (Rs.9112), red gram (Rs.7599), paddy (Rs.9112) and maize (Rs.5435).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.676/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 1029) followed by paddy (Rs.823) and maize (Rs.176).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hector water used was maximum (Table 26 and Figure 11) in green gram (Rs.69084) followed by red gram (Rs.59505), cotton (Rs.42991), paddy (Rs. 34436), maize (Rs. 26342) and groundnut (Rs.22905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (58.6 %) followed by cotton (15.4 %), maize (13.0%), green gram (7.1%), groundnut (3.9 %) and paddy (1.9 %).  The total cost of cultivation in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.42960/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.21800/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.44) 3  In Green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.35897/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.30209/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.37)  In red gram cost of cultivation range between Rs.43673/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs.11725/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.31),  In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.27940/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.80) and Rs.26033/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.44)  In paddy the cost of cultivation is Rs.17985/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.7 to 38.7 %), maize (60.4 to 87.4 %), paddy (64.9 %), and red gram (19.7 to 36.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramapura-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 577 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 549 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 0.05 ha by rock outcrops and about 28 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 59 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 36 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent of loamy soils and 64 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 32 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area is very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 40 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 50 per is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 70 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 25 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 77 per cent and deficient in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 522(91) Sapota - - Maize - 183(32) Pomegranate - 339(59) Bajra - 522(91) Musambi - 339(59) Groundnut - 183(32) Lime - 339(59) Sunflower - 339(59) Amla - 522(91) Redgram - 339(59) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 522(91) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 522(91) Jamun - 326(57) Chilli - 523(91) Custard apple - 523(91) Tomato - 183(32) Tamarind - 326(57) Drumstick - 339(59) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 523(91) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 523(91)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Ramapura-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16034'23.736" North latitudes and 77016' – 77019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576.6 ha, bounded by Ramapura, Balacheda, Rachanalli and Daddala Villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Ramapura-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.4 to 44.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 57.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 48.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste / scheduled tribes are around 36.8 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 23.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 15.8 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94.7 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 36.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 94.7 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 44.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 30.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12212 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.1944.8 per household, about 38.4 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.38265 per household; about 82.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1207.5 grams (3010.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30.7 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 63498 per household. About 7.6 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.3279. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 2236 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 1115717 per year for the total area of 576.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 5610/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in greengram (Rs.8370) followed by redgram (Rs.7306), cotton (Rs.3491) and groundnut is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.3775/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.2400) followed by paddy (Rs.1500), cotton (Rs.1406) and redgram (Rs.270 /ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 75812) followed by redgram (Rs. 47218), cotton (Rs. 39009) and groundnut (Rs. 22905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (58.8 %) followed by cotton (26.8 %), bengalgram (3.9 %), groundnut (3.9 %), greengram (3.5 %) and paddy (3.1 %). 3  In Ramapura-2 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (53.2 %) and redgram (46.8 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Anur (ANR) are also having deep soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are cotton (44.4 %) and redgram was 55.6 % each. Hegganakera (HGN) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are cotton (19.4 %), greengram (18.6 %) and redgram (62.0 %). Halagera (HLG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton (46.3%), greengram (4.5 %), groundnut (22.7 %) and redgram (26.5 %). Kudlura (KDR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is paddy (70.6 %) and redgram (29.4 %). Kyathanala (KYT) soil series are having shallow soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is redgram (100 %). Sowrashtrahalli (SWR) and Tumkur (TMK) soil series having deep and very deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, redgram and greengram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 43158/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs. 15877/ha in KYT soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 43132/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 32505/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In greengram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 40480/ha in HLG soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 31151/ha in SWR soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in HLG soil is Rs. 33168/ha (with BCR of 1.04) and paddy cultivation in KDR soil is Rs. 28742/ha (with BCR of 1.7).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (9.1 to 61 %), cotton (35.2 % to 50.5 %), paddy (9.1 %) and groundnut (7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project